The Influences Upon Steven Berkoff Essay Example For Students

The Influences Upon Steven Berkoff Essay Upon analyzing Steven Berkoff as a practician I have ever deeply noted that his theories are really hard to specify due to their of all time altering and various nature. The deficiency of official certification on Berkoff s theories makes it particularly difficult to to the full grok what precisely the Berkovian public presentation manner involves and dictates. Fortunately he has written a few diaries which chronicle the dry run and originative procedure he has gone through for his assorted productions. Among these publications is Mediations on Metamorphosis ( 1995 ) , a diary of Berkoff s clip spent in Japan directing the ten percent major production of Metamorphosis, and Coriolanus in Deutschland ( 1992 ) which chronicles the dry run procedure for his 1988 production of Coriolanus in Munich, Germany. However, these diaries are chiefly autobiographical and lack much theoretical context. In 1969, Steven Berkoff presented the introduction of his version of Frank Kafka s Metamorphosis at the Round House Theatre in London. This production was important because Berkoff helping for the first clip as writer/adapter, manager, and histrion in a full-length undertaking presented an aesthetic which would go identified as his artistic hallmark. Metamorphosiscombined elements of Brechtian Epic Theatre by utilizing histrions to purposefully stand for characters instead than go them ; Antonin Artaud s Theatre of Cruelty by interrupting from traditional theater texts and inquiring the histrions to bare their interior ideas as if they were human-sacrifices to make ritualistic theaters ; Jean-Louis Barrault s total-theatre by utilizing all possible agencies to bring out the significance witting or otherwise of the drama ; and Jacques Le Coq s theories of mummer, motion, masks, and ensemble, by utilizing the performing artists to make the environment. Berkoff has besides been seen to integrate some of the ocular techniques used in Kabuki, a extremely stylized, extremely rh ythmic classicalJapanese signifier of theater. Kabuki music rises about the organic structure of the histrion. It does non enforce itself upon the histrion, but alternatively gives musical and rhythmic look to his motion, and in making so increases the flow of theatrical expressiveness toward the audience. ( 1974, p.113 ) Another facet of Nipponese Kabuki is apparent in Berkoff s traffics with masks and face pigment. We will write a custom essay on The Influences Upon Steven Berkoff specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Even though Berkoff appropriated production manners from others and adapted the spoken words from a novel, the terminal consequence was unambiguously Berkovian. In Mediation of Metamorphosis ( 1995 ) Berkoff seems to somewhat dispute person to specify his manner when he writes, More than of all time I feel my work develop into a sort of school, non by stiff expression but by larning certain techniques which expand your political orientation and communicating accomplishments. ( 1995, p.137 ) There are subjects that have undeniably remained comparatively changeless throughout Berkoff s work, subjects that can be seen as slightly of a base to the Berkovian theoretical model. These subjects I speak of are routed chiefly in the belief that the histrions inherent aptitudes should be trusted over all else and the occupation of theory is to assist arouse these inherent aptitudes. Berkoff s common subjects of extended physical look, transmutation, and over-exaggerated experimental accent up on the spoken word should hence be used as a agency to arouse and overstate the histrion instincts when covering with the character. The ambiance is in the sound which should come from the pharynxs of the histrions. Therefore their sound can command and magnify their state of affairs, since people make sounds every bit good as traveling and talking. This is entire and human, and in this manner you return to the histrion his mimetic gifts and his unwritten expressiveness. At the same clip one is seeing the state of affairs in human footings, as a narrative told to us by participants. ( Gambit, 1978, p.17 ) .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c , .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c .postImageUrl , .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c , .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c:hover , .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c:visited , .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c:active { border:0!important; } .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c:active , .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Rough Life of a Lobster EssayBerkoff believes histrions should make their ain sounds and so breaks traditional mummer conventions. Like many of Le Coq s pupils, Berkoff freely changes the pure signifier of mummer to make his ain single manner. Surprisingly Le Coq encourages this pattern as it essential to his belief in leting the histrion to work as an person, believing it is of import to be unfastened and non to copy the manner of person else because you will neer be every bit good as he is. Each is better in his ain manner ( Lust, p.106 ) .In pulling from this infusion it is clear that I believe Berkoff is frequently sometimes regarded excessively extremely for ori ginating his public presentation manner when thought in peculiar about his direction of single development. Most of his public presentation manner is derived from Le Coq who has been proven to hold steadfast roots in the pattern of Commedia delle Arte. It seems that most of the Berkovian individualism stems from his Berkoff s ain idiosyncrasy. InModern and Post-Modern Mime, Thomas Leabhart summarizes the influences upon Le Coq: Lecoqsschool is one of those theaters that, instead than being a rsum of what has happened, has helped immature performing artists find new waies and so regenerate the theater. Lecoq s whole vision of the theater is like Copeau s, remain on the peripheries of the commercial theater, non desiring to give themselves to it as it exists. They, like their instructor, work apart, continue their artistic vision, nurture their strength, and steadily increase their power to act upon the class of theatre history. ( 1989, p.101-102 ) Like Lust s definition of postmodern mummer, Leabhart s sum-up of Le Coq s influence is applicable to Berkoff. Previously in 1973, Berkoff and The London Group declared their ain mission statement: To show play in the most critical manner conceivable ; to execute at the tallness of one s powers with all the available agencies. That is, through the spoken word, gesture, mummer and music. Sometimes the accent on one, sometimes on the other. ( Theatre Quarterly, 1978, p.39 ) This philosophical statement is an ideal illustration of the invariables that have remained throughout Berkoff s subsequent calling ; stylised motion, mummer, overdone vocal work, direct reference, asides, and improvisation are constituents of about every Berkovian public presentation. Berkoff expects histrions to willingly sacrifice themselves physically and emotionally, ready to execute whatever undertakings are necessary to light the text. When covering with texts, as a manager, Berkoff does non seek to bring forth a actual reproduction of texts on phase. It rare to see Berkoff trusting on the purpose of the writer, alternatively he uses the texts to relay his ain thoughts on phase. He has nt denied this. He said himself said that his version of Hamlet ( 1979 ) was a dissection of the drama ( I am Hamlet, 1989 ) , and his theatrical production of Agamemnon was attempted as an analysis of the drama instead than a realistic rendition. ( 2007, p.123 ) Berkoff preponderantly ever sees the set as his ain duty as he believes that it is critical in conformity with his desired aesthetic and theoretical projection. Most of the clip he is seen to utilize minimalist sets normally dwelling of one stationary prop, a couch or a tabular array for illustration. He believes that any mental environment desired can be created utilizing mummer and so it is unneeded for inordinate usage of props. Many of his plants have been performed in tight close one-fourth environments with extended usage of glowering visible radiation and shadow which seek to stress the physical presence on phase. Everlastingly on a pursuit for verve Berkoff is really prone to interrupt theatrical conventions, ensuing in a manner of to a great extent a contradictory nature. These contradictions are a partner of his finding to see how I could convey mime together with the spoken word as its opposite spouse, making the signifier and construction of the piece ( 1995, p.53 ) . Features such as this can be easy traced to his preparation with Jacques Le Coq, whom Thomas Leabhart, writer of And Post-Modern Mime ( 1989 ) , as modern learning mime to speak. ( 1989, p.101 ) To blend these antonyms, Berkoff relies on mummer, a traditionally soundless signifier, yet he cherishes the spoken word ; his productions are really extraordinary energy wise yet depend on great nuance ; the histrion should neer demo himself to be self-aware yet his presented ego is really much so ; Berkoff carefully choreographs motion yet he encourages improvisation. .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338 , .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338 .postImageUrl , .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338 , .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338:hover , .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338:visited , .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338:active { border:0!important; } .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338:active , .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338 .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Persuasive: Overpopulation EssayOther beginnings of Berkovian theory is rooted in interviews and short articles ( some of which Berkoff has written ) which have been printed in assorted diaries. One the most important of these articles titled Three Theatre Manifestos. ( 1978 ) In an interview nowadays in the Three Theatre Manisfestos ( 1978 ) Berkoff outlines his doctrine which, harmonizing to him, has changed little through the old ages ; he summarizes his theories by saying: In the terminal there is merely the histrion, his organic structure, head and voice The histrion exists without the drama he can improvize, be soundless, mummer, do sounds and be a informant. ( 1978, p.11 ) Another infusion from Three Theatre Manifestos depicts Berkoff sounding unusually similar to Antoni Artaud and his Threatre of Cruelty: Acting for me is the closest metaphor to human forfeit on the phase ; ( 1978, p.7 ) other echo the ideas of Brecht By depicting the accident, the informant becomes the accident ; he is at that place live overing it. ( 1978, p.11 ) The ocular elements of a Berkovian production are strikingly blunt. Classical Greek theater, Nipponese Kabuki, and Vsevelod Meyerhold s constructivism, are peculiarly influential on Berkoff s ocular aesthetic.By blending minimum sets with really theatrical costumes, masks, and lighting, the ocular focal point is on the histrion. Though the costumes draw attending to themselves, they serve to stress the performing artist and aid to make the environment and the word picture. To pull a decision on Berkoff s genuineness in theatre one must take at expression at his work in a broader sense. Berkoff s part and influence upon theater is clear, but his topographic point as a name in history in questionable. Berkoff s public presentation aesthetic will doubtless ever exist in assorted different signifiers but whether he will be credited with association is a inquiry for future historiographers. However because his work is exhaustively grounded in the plants of many celebrated theaters names his manner will doubtless be incorporated into many future creative persons works wittingly or non. Bibliography: Berkoff, S ( 1995 ) Mediations on Metamorphosis, London: Faber and Faber Berkoff, S ( 1978 ) Three Theatre Manifestos. Gambit vol.32 p.7-21 Berkoff, S ( 1989 ) I am Hamlet. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, Interview with Anthony Claire.Anthony Claire Show. BBC Radio, London. N. digital audiotape. Berkoff, S ( 1996 ) Agamemnon and The Fall of the House of Usher. Oxford: Amber Lane Press Elder, B ( 1978 ) Making the Inexpressible Uncommonly Well. Theatre Quarterly, p.37-43 Ernst, E ( 1974 ) The Kabuki Theatre, Hawaii, University of Hawaii Press Leabhart, T ( 1989 ) Modern and Post-Modern Mime. New York: St. Martin s. Lust, A ( 2000 ) From the Grecian Mimes to Marcel Marceau and Beyond: Mimes, Actors, Pierrots, and Clowns: A History Of The Many Visages Of Mime In Theatre. Kent, Scarecrow. Keefe, J ( 2007 ) Physical theaters: A Critical Reader, London, Routledge

Cute Breakup Quotes - Overcome Negative Feelings

Cute Breakup Quotes - Overcome Negative Feelings The fire has long died down. Love has gone poof! Only the dying cinders of the has-been romance remain. What do you do? When love becomes a burden, it may be wise to surrender. A little pain is better than a lifetime of compromises. Let these cute breakup quotes assuage your feelings, help you get closure or at least provide a temporary distraction.   George Bernard ShawA broken heart is a very pleasant complaint for a man in London if he has a comfortable income. Alexander HamiltonA promise must never be broken. Albert CamusBlessed are the hearts that can bend; they shall never be broken. Fanny CrosbyChords that were broken will vibrate once more. Langston HughesHold fast to your dreams, for without them life is a broken winged bird that cannot fly. Lucinda WilliamsI guess you could write a good song if your heart hadnt been broken, but I dont know of anyone whose heart hasnt been broken. Sally FieldI think thats very sad, that I havent allowed my heart to be broken.I have broken a few. Otomo No YakamochiBetter never to have met you in my dream than to wake and reach for hands that are not there. SocratesThe hottest love has the coldest end. Oscar WildeHearts live by being wounded. Kahlil GibranEver has it been that love knows not its own depth until the hour of separation. Robert BrowningTake away love and our earth is a tomb. Oscar WildeThe heart was made to be broken. Marcus AureliusReject your sense of injury and the injury itself disappears. Richard WilburWhat is the opposite of two? A lonely me, a lonely you. Rupert BrookeAnd I shall find some girl perhaps, and a better one than you, with eyes as wise, but kindlier, and lips as soft, but true, and I daresay she will do. Graham BellWhen one door closes, another opens; but we often look so long and so regretfully upon the closed door that we do not see the one which has opened for us. LamartineSometimes, when one person is missing, the whole world seems depopulated. Robert FrostFamilies break up when people take hints you dont intend and miss hints you do intend. Lord ByronThe heart will break, but broken live on.

Chicago Referencing †Journal Articles

Chicago Referencing – Journal Articles Chicago Referencing – Journal Articles The Chicago Manual of Style is popular among academic publishers in the social sciences and humanities. If you’re studying in one of these areas, it’s therefore vital to understand Chicago referencing. This form of referencing actually permits two citation styles: â€Å"author-date† in-text citations and a â€Å"notes and bibliography† version. In this post we cover how to cite a journal article using both approaches. But remember to check which one your university uses before starting your paper! Author-Date Citations Chicago’s in-text citation system uses parenthetical citations, which should include the surname of the author and year of publication for the article cited: Promoting self-referencing in audiences makes advertising more effective (Burnkrant and Unnava 1995). If you’re quoting a source, the citation should also include page numbers: Research suggests that â€Å"an increase in self-referencing leads to an increase in recall† (Burnkrant and Unnava 1995, 17). Each source cited should be added to a reference list at the end of your document, with full bibliographic details provided for each: Author Name(s). Year of Publication. â€Å"Title of Article.† Journal Name Volume (Issue Number): Page Range. The reference list should be sorted alphabetically by author surname, so the first author of any article will be listed surname first. For online versions of a journal article, you should also include an access date and URL: Burnkrant, Robert E. and H. Rao Unnava. 1995. Effects of Self-Referencing on Persuasion. Journal of Consumer Research 22 (1): 17-26. Accessed January 19, 2016. jstor.org/stable/2489697. Notes and Bibliography Rather than cite sources in the text, Chicago’s notes and bibliography system uses superscript numbers (e.g., 1, 2, 3) to point to footnotes. The basic format for citing a journal article in a footnote is: n. Author Name(s), â€Å"Title of Article,† Journal Name Volume Number (Year of Publication): Page Number. Page numbers are only necessary when quoting or paraphrasing a section of text. For online articles, you should also include a URL and, if required by your style guide, a date of access. This full information is only provided in the first citation for each source. For Burnkrant and Unnava, this would appear as: 1. Robert E. Burnkrant and H. Rao Unnava, â€Å"Effects of Self-Referencing on Persuasion,† Journal of Consumer Research 22 (1995): 25, accessed January 19, 2016, jstor.org/stable/2489697. Subsequent citations of the same source use a shortened format, focusing on the author, title and page numbers: 2. Burnkrant and Unnava, â€Å"Effects of Self-Referencing on Persuasion,† 22-3. All cited sources should be listed in a bibliography at the end of your paper. The format here is similar to the first footnote for journal articles, but with the first listed author name reversed and the full page range included: Burnkrant, Robert E. and H. Rao Unnava. â€Å"Effects of Self-Referencing on Persuasion.† Journal of Consumer Research 22 (1995): 17-26. Accessed January 19, 2016. jstor.org/stable/2489697.

The Communication Technology Effect in Business Research Paper - 1

The Communication Technology Effect in Business - Research Paper Example It has examined and analyzed literature related to the use of the internet, emails, websites, social media as well as wireless technology devices such as smartphones, radio frequency, cloud computing devices and other cellular devices. This discussion demonstrates how these technologies are used for communication purposes within an internal department of a business and also with the outside world, and the ways they have been used in communication to benefit the business organizations. This paper also discusses the advantages that these communication technologies have offered to business over time as well as the limiting factors of the same.     Incidentals of Authorization and Submittal This study of communication technology effects in business is submitted to Mr. Dennis H. Mohle, BA 105W Instructor, on Dec 10, 2013. As authorized on Jan 22, the research and was conducted under the direction of Dennis H. Mohle of Business Communication Research, LLP. The objective of the Study Ob jective of communication technology effect in business Research Study: The objective of the study was to explore and examine how advancement in communication technology has impacted on the way business operations are conducted locally and internationally. Use of Observational Techniques The methodology used in this investigation was observational and analysis of the literal information and statistics available from research articles, peer-reviewed journals, books, periodicals and the internet on the effect of communication technology in business.  Ã‚  

Portfolio of Work Completed in Harbin Bank Term Paper

Portfolio of Work Completed in Harbin Bank - Term Paper Example Additionally, the banker’s magazine of china ranks Harbin bank at position 9 among the companies that trade with assets of more than 80 billion Yuan in the whole country. Harbin bank’s mission statement is â€Å"to create profits to her shareholders, make customers get more value, make the employees have hope in their future and also create wealth to the society†. This is in line with her philosophy of â€Å"inclusive finance and harmoniously getting rich†. Being based in the Northeast of China, Harbin bank is geared to supporting the SME’s and also in creating an international micro credit bank which is renowned. Harbin bank made a wise decision to offer loans to small and medium size enterprises (SME’s) since 2004 and the shifting of the focus to the SME’s has solved the financial problems of the SME’s. Harbin bank’s small loans are classified into four main parts, namely, loans for farmers, loans for small enterprises, loans for personal consumption, and loans for micro-enterprises. According to the banks financial statement, by the end of 2009, the small loan bank balance was 18.933 billion Yuan. This accounted for 60% of the bank’s total credit asset. ... The focus of my work specifically was in issuing of loans to the small and the medium sized enterprises. As part of the orientation to the company and to renaissance myself to the processes in the bank, the manager assigned one of the employees who was knowledgeable and very familiar with the processes of lending of the money to help me with most of the work. After some time, with the assistance I got from her, I got the whole idea and came to learn the whole process of issuing of the loans. This improved the rest of my working days with the bank. The initial step in the process of lending was communication between the customer with the bank. Moreover, the company which needs the money need to have a meeting with the bank for the purpose of sharing information between the bank and the company. The information arrives at a common agreement on the laid down conditions between the two parties. During this process we ask questions concerning the condition of the company. For instance, ho w much they need, their plans for the loan, the number of creditors and the number of the debtors and the collateral they plan to pledge. After analyzing their application and their documents, we give them information on how much the bank is willing and capable of lending them and their required payback amount. If the two parties strike a common ground in the negotiation table then, we ask the company to prepare materials for the bank to process the loan. The documents we always request to be provided are supposed to be original and their copies and they include company ownership documents, licenses of the business, loan application, financial report capital verification report, tax registration certificate among others.

The First Millenium Essay Example for Free

The First Millenium Essay The Year 1000 was once considered a year of apocalyptic proportions as biblical beliefs associated it with 1000 years after the Christ’s death. Historians in the 19th century had once imagined the terror during the climax of 1000 years. Without any serious argument, the notion was introduced despite many who chose to ignore the issue. Current views have however delineated eschatological sentiments of terror that once aroused religious transformations in the 11th century. Many historians have now effectively banished the thought which referenced a wrongful data without providing the solidified basis for such documentation. Lacey and Danzinger has however retrieved from England’s possession visible foundations of history through an old book written in black oak ink â€Å"sometime around the year 1020 probably by a cleric working in the manuscript studio of the Canterbury Cathedral† (p. 5). This book was later regarded as the Julius Work Calendar which provided basis for both authors of the discovery on what life was like a millennium after Christ’s death. The book actually focuses on the everyday lives of the Anglo-Saxons timed at the end of the first millennium. It strived to reconstruct the realities in a monthly tour throughout the period. The ordinary appearance of an English individual was then portrayed as â€Å"tall and people In Victorian England could not match our health or physique† (p.9). Yet â€Å"life was simple- as people wore sack-like tunics in colors that were less muddy† (p.10). No fashionable clothes were worn as people looked extremely uniform as a way of ease for the daily toils. In effect, life expectancy was also short â€Å"where a boy of 12 was old enough to swear an oath of allegiance to the king –while girls married easily in their teens† (p.10). When most adults die at an early age, people who lived well into midlife are considered respectable. At that time, England was able to sustain a â€Å"population of at least a million souls† where people were often grouped together as hunter-gatherers who lived in small groups and villages (p. 11). The simplicity was so pivotal in such that â€Å"cow dung, horse manure, sheep droppings and chicken shit† perforated the air (p.119). Men were also morally driven to religion as excitement is drawn upon a discussion and general arguments over the â€Å"observance of the Christian year† (p.12), â€Å"the lives of spirits and saints who lived their lives for the sake of Jesus’ teachings† (p. 17). England was in fact â€Å"a network of magical sites containing physical relics of at least 1 saint† (p. 19). Faith was in the main core of the simple society as peoples lives were entwined in the lives of saints. The â€Å"believer could even point to the bible which contained no less than 35 miracles in which Jesus defeated illness through the power of faith† (p. 122). Faith was therefore considered of highest consequence as people of the middle ages placed higher degrees of trust and faith. Every believer was highly aware that â€Å"sins were keeping the miraculous tradition alive† (p.122) and reliance to faith is highly a virtue. Faith in medicine was akin to belief in God. Persons during the period have an inkling of disease and illness. Folk remedy might have been applied with a hefty amount of religious conviction and care. Cures for maladies also involved â€Å"binding the stalk of herb crossword to the head with a red bandana while chilblains were to be treated with a mixture of ems, wine and fennel root† (126). Virility was also considered an important health matter that required â€Å"ministrations in the groin area with yellow lowered herb agrimony† (p. 126). Cleanliness was unheard of and people do not bathe as often as we do now. Nudity was even accepted in exchange for food and grain. During the time of the middle ages, the government existed under the rules of the king and his minions. Many may have not seen the king as â€Å"personal portraits did not exist† (p.17) and people were more familiar with the representatives of the church than with political persons. The lord of the land as the king’s minion was also considered the â€Å"loaf giver† (p.46-47) who would pay the Viking invaders at least â€Å"2000 pounds in gold and silver upon which payment invaders departed† (p. 14). In effect, people were highly dependent upon the immediate rulers of lands or village leaders for their safety. Slavery was consistent with the feudal system introduced by Viking invaders with Dublin operating the largest market. Typically everyone was in bondage where men expressed a â€Å"token of their fresh start or servitude† as opposed to prison or difficult times during famine (p. 45). Book Review Lacey, Robert and Danny Danzinger. The Year 1000: What Life Was Like at the Turn of the First Millenium: An Englishman’s World, 1st ed. Boston: Little Brown, 1999. The book Lacey and Danzinger wrote is considered a refreshing answer to the present day worries on the changes which a new millennium can bring. The simple fact that even social scientist were led to believe on the apocalyptic interpretations proved how social changed brought out the emergence of this belief based on the cultural perceptions of the Middles Ages. The daily dangers of life during the period were centered on possible famines which don’t actually happen very often†¦and if it did, for shorter periods. While the book provides a realistic knowledge of the middle ages negating a continued myth on eschatological findings, it still attempts to reap benefits for the common millennium beliefs. However historians alike will welcome the accomplishments that strive to understand medieval lives into a larger global context. While we get insights on the activities of a calendar year, the daily lives of peasants and aristocracies are also exposed. Practicality was the usual behavior of people in an agricultural society. After defining the social dynamics of the period based on the Jules Calendar, I can definitely support that any romantic visions of the Middle Ages should be discounted in favor of the truth based on research and finding both authors made supported by ample evidence of truth. Religion has overemphasized wrong notions that are inherited into our modern era in an unbalanced mysticism. Through Lacey and Danzinger, the powerful heresies of the first decades which looked into the image of the monks provided basis for a historical research to ensue with proper documentation of facts. Hope being the key for existence that promised to inspire even the practical pragmatic individuals was definitely believed in. The only points which the authors failed to consider are the discussion on the recorded events of the period as written by other authors based on the annals of Saint Armand, discussing a power shattering quake that anticipated a catastrophic event for the next millennium. While Lacey and Danzinger provided views disuniting the eschatological findings, they were not able to inundate any countermeasure against the popular voices of the apocalyptic myth or doomsday beliefs. They have the ample chance to disregard the works of the destructive prodigies whose perspectives dwelled on creating a negativist confirmation of religious chaos. Lacey and Danzinger can therefore do well to disorganize this idea in full and weaken any widespread beliefs on the â€Å"end of days†. While having the capacity to exorcised doomsday believers, Lacey and Danzinger left this out for readers to discover in a pragmatic way. Altogether however, I sing praises for this book that glorified human life in the Middle Ages. Both authors have gone a long way in explaining what life was about under moral religious theologies with their documentary evidence as proof. Through their conjectural terrain, I have accepted the confidence of history in a linear time of peasant and aristocratic existence in the middle Ages.

Essay --

Few people know but, more than half of americans own an Apple product. The huge tech company was founded on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. The company was later incorporated on January 3, 1977. Apple is known as one of the most advanced technology companies in the United States. Apple is behind the largest technological revolution in history. Apple has set itself above all other technology companies. The company has a certain way of leaving customers on the edge of their seats waiting for the latest and greatest Apple product. Steve Jobs and Steven Wozniak had been friends since high school, and they both were very interested in electronics. After they both dropped of school, both of them end up in a profession related to electronics. Jobs got a job at Atari, and Wozniak at HP. Wozniak had been the initial designer for the very first Apple computer. Jobs had an eye for the future and convinced Wozniak that they should sell the computer. Soon enough on April 1, 1976, Apple had begun. In the beginning people did not take Apple very seriously. In 1977 however Apple introduced the Apple II, that when the company took off. The introduction of the Apple II opened doors for the company. It was the first computer with a hard plastic outer shell, it also was the first computer that had color graphics. The Apple II was basically the start of the company. Another thing that boosted the company in 1978 was the Apple Disk II, which was just an easy, inexpensive floppy drive. With all the sales rising, the companies n umbers began to rise as well. In 1980 Apple had a few thousand employees. 1980 was also the year Apple released its latest computer the Apple III. It was in 1979 when Jobs and a few engineers began working on ... ...that received the licensing felt that Apple was too restrictive on their agreements. Through the years, Apples big problem was not just selling the computers, but building them. In June of 1995, Apple had over one billion dollars worth of backorders, and did not have the materials to build them. On top of the current problems Apple was facing, Windows had released its latest version of its software, Window ‘95, which was too similar to the Mac and yet more simplistic. Pretty soon Spindler was asked to resign due to major losses the company faced when Apple had posted a loss of sixty-eight million dollars due to a misjudge of the market. Spindler was replaced by Gil Amelio, who was previously the president of the National Semiconductor. Through 1996 and part of 1997 Ameilo did his best to help Apple bring back is profit, but in the end his efforts were unsuccessful.

English Renaissance Drama Essay

A central preoccupation of English Renaissance Drama is the tension between individual free will and the workings of fate. Compare the treatment of this theme in Dr Faustus and Hamlet respectively. In the Elizabethan period in which both Dr Faustus and Hamlet were written ambition and greed was a big element of society as people tried to gain favour and power with Elizabeth and her court, often resorting to murder in order to move further up the social ladder and gain more status, or in some cases, to stay at the status they had managed to achieve for themselves. The Tudor monarchies had made some progress in controlling lawlessness but Robert Watson claims that there must have been some basis for the â€Å"persistent jokes about incompetent constables and watchers in Elizabethan comedies† (ed. McEachern, 2002, pg.160). With so many crimes committed by un-punishable criminals and many crimes against women, the poor and even different religious minorities, not even considered to be crimes there is little wonder why people developed such an appetite for revenge stories such as Hamlet which was written after Thomas Kyd had such a huge commercial success with The Spanish Tragedy around 1587, whose plot looks very similar to that of the plot in Hamlet as the main character feigns madness in order to get revenge on the people who had killed his son and were socially higher up than him. The themes of fate and freewill within the story of Hamlet are based around the idea as to whether or not he was fated to kill his uncle in revenge for his father’s death or if he is culpable for his actions and the many deaths he is responsible for within the play as he tries to gain revenge and if he was acting of his own free will or whether or not it is fate that Ophelia kills herself within the play or again she was acting of her own free will and could have changed her fate . In contrast, Dr Faustus written by Christopher Marlowe is a tragedy with an end that the main character had the chance to change as the question of fate and free will is based around whether or not he is destined to go to hell because of his pact with the devil and his actions, as well as ambition. Highly reflecting the mood in Elizabethan society ambition was seen as a â€Å"particularly alluring and dangerous sin† (ed. McEachern, 2002, pg. 160) with people reflectively ridiculing opportunists and people trying to gain more than what is rightfully theirs. However the over side of the argument, which people tend to lean more on when analysing the actions of Dr Faustus is the opinion that he was acting of his own free will and that it was because of his pride in refusing to repent and ask forgiveness and mercy from God that led him to eternal damnation. Dr Faustus as a story pokes fun and ridicules the Catholic idea of heaven and hell and tries to reflect the feelings of the state at the time as Protestantism was, if not a little shakily, the dominant religion in England in 1600 when the play was written. Within the play, Faustus, a great scholar, who is the embodiment of the Renaissance man who came from humble beginnings to become a renowned intellectual individual who is highly respected in his field. However it is because of this climb from his humble beginnings that seem to have led him to develop his excessive hubris, which is ultimately his greatest flaw when he wants to become as mighty as God, not realising he is being tricked by Lucifer’s servant, Mephastophillis and does not have the powers he thinks he has, haven agreed to only another twenty-four years on earth before eternal life in hell in return for ‘God-like’ powers. Is Faustus fated to eternity in hell because of his deal with the personified devil, Lucifer or is it is hubris and own feelings of greed and ambition that stop him from repenting to God and asking for mercy, actions of his own free will, the reason why he ends up serving Lucifer forever. Within the prologue of the play itself, Marlowe does not seem to see any question as to whether it was fate or the actions of Faustus himself that led him to eternity in hell as he states â€Å"falling to a devilish exercise, and glutted more with learning’s golden gifts, he surfeits upon cursed necromancy† (Prologue, lines 24-28) in which the use of the words ‘falling’ and also the fact that he was ‘glutted’ taken to mean greedy for riches, have led to his downfall, he could have chosen to change the ending if he had not been so blinded by greed and not fallen for the trickery of the devil. Unlike Dr Faustus, Hamlet is about a more conventional romantic hero who is Prince of Denmark and has just lost his father, who we later find out was killed by Hamlet’s uncle Claudius. Within the play we see Hamlet struggle with the burden he has had placed on his shoulders by the ghost of his father who wants him to avenge his death, something that the Elizabethan audience watching would enjoy as it mirrored society at the time of the play as people tried to get revenge on people who had wronged them but could not be punished due to their higher status within society, especially concerning crimes against the poor by the aristocracy. Although he does not call upon the ghost as Faustus does with Lucifer, he does of his own free will decide to investigate the accusations that his father puts to him concerning his brother, Hamlet’s uncle, killing him so that he could marry his wife and become King of Denmark. This murder for the rising within society is a common theme within Shakespeare’s plays as they again cleverly mirror the actions of the aristocracy at court that were continuously stabbing each other in the back and in some cases killing each other in order to ain favours with the Tudor Queen Elizabeth. Hamlet deliberately feigns madness in order to find out the truth about the death of his father and the reason why his uncle so hastily and irreverently married his mother after his brother’s death. The deliberateness of his actions forces us to question whether or not it was fate that led to Hamlet killing Claudius and many others through the play, his indecisiveness and inability to act is his greatest flaw and gives credibility to the argument that he was in complete control of his actions and therefore fate had little to do with the outcome of the actions in which most of the characters are dead on stage at the end of the play. In contrast to this it could be commented that the actions of Faustus in Christopher Marlowe’s Dr Faustus was the work of fate and that he had no control over how he was going to end up at the end of the play. If he was meant to go to Hell and serve Lucifer for eternity, as what happens at the end of the play, then Faustus repenting and asking for mercy and forgiveness from God would have no impact whatsoever on his impending death. Within the epilogue of the play it is observed â€Å"Faustus is gone. Regard his hellish fall† (line 4) which could be interpreted by the audience who have watched the play to mean that he was tricked by the devil and by God and he fell for their tricks and failed to repent for something which never actually materialised in terms of gaining the powers of God and becoming his equal. The fall of Faustus is interpretedb y Marxists to be his punishment for trying to rise above his station in life as they believe the position you are born into is he position you should hold for the rest of your life and people should be punished for trying to change the natural order of things. This belief was also upheld within Elizabethan society as England had been through turmoil with the changing of the official religion for the last twenty years because of the current queen’s father King Henry VIII who created the Church of England so that he could marry his mistress, Elizabeth’s mother, who’s uncle and father, the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, became very important men in the English court as they were the relatives of the King Henry’s wife, for the limited time she held the title and rose above their natural stations in life, only to be exiled and executed when they made a fatal error and crossed the King. Dr Faustus quite cleverly mirrors society and their feelings of ambition and greed and so Marlowe has made his ending fit into the climate that his play would be performed in. The element of fate with Dr Faustus does not seem to be as prevalent as it does in some other plays as free will has more control and it is ultimately his actions that condemn him. Within Hamlet, as a contrast to Dr Faustus there are many elements that can be questioned as to whether Hamlet was asking of his own free will or whether or not the events that occur were apart of fate and her plan for Hamlet. Was he destined to die at the hands of his uncle Claudius due to his failure to act on numerous occasions to gain revenge for the murder of his father. In addition there is also the question of the deaths of both Gertrude and Ophelia as they are both extremely close to Hamlet, the former being his mother and the latter being his love interest within the play. Gertrude dies at the end of the play when she drinks from the up containing the poison that Claudius has placed in it meant to kill Hamlet, was she destined to die because of her ‘unfaithfulness’ in the eyes of her son by marrying so soon after the death of her husband, or is it because she chose of her own free will to save her son as she knew of the plot that Claudius had to murder his nephe w, just as he had his brother. The incident in which Ophelia is found in the fountain shows her death to be suicide after she fails to cope after being rejected by Hamlet and also the death of her father, unknowing to her killed by Hamlet himself when he thought he was stabbing his uncle Claudius. Did she commit suicide after being unable to cope emotionally or is it more of a matter of fate that she was meant to die and that the fact that she is found in a fountain is a smoke screen as fate was never going to let her live and see the end of the play as she could have cottoned n to what Hamlet was doing and ruined the ending that fate had planned for the characters within the play. The themes of fate and free will are prevalent within both Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Christopher Marlowe’s Dr Faustus which means that the actions of both protagonists are greatly debated by scholars today and in the past centuries since they were first written. Both plays are very reflective of the society in which they were written and first performed, with the antagonists being killed for trying to change the social order within their society. As discussed within this essay the author as come to some sort decision that in the play of Dr Faustus the theme of fate, while apparent, did not have a big contributing factor to the outcome of the play and it was mainly through actions and decisions that Faustus made with his own free will that led him to spending eternity in Hell and serving Lucifer. In contradiction, in Hamlet, the author has come to the decision that is almost impossible to determine whether or not the protagonist was acting of his own free will or was just acting as fate decided and the deaths that Hamlet directly or indirectly causes were nothing other than collateral damage as fate tries to right the order and balance out the in-balance that Claudius created when he killed his brother, with the tension between both fate and free will being so strong that any other move could create more instability than anyone could predict.

Tuition reimbursement

Organizations which fail to empower their human resources through putting in place proper knowledge management policies fail to benefit optimally from the potential in their employees. Tuition reimbursement is the best form of employee empowerment. Introduction Business organizations more than ever before are faced with a great risk of high employee turnover. To keep employees contented and well motivated, the organization must be seen to be genuinely interested in employee career growth and development.There is no better way to do this than tuition reimbursement study program for employees which enables employees to enroll for relevant courses as adult learners. The duty of companies in the whole program is the provision of financial help to meet the cost of education of the adult learners. The companies also contribute by providing adequate time for the employees. Tuition reimbursement programs are very important to an organization in a number of ways. Tuition reimbursement program s have been found to have a positive correlation with employee productivity (Kiser, 1999).This implies an increase in the productivity capability of a company especially considering the fact that, employees who undergo the program attain new skills and are either able to perform more effectively, or could as well increase their output in that, they become able to use new technologies for instance IT based technologies in their tasks. Employees who have been through these programs are also capable off executing more complex tasks faster and more effectively than their counterparts who lack that additional knowledge.Alternatively, the employees are more empowered to increase their performance in comparison with their past performances. According to (Kitano, & Morey, 1996) employee view tuition reimbursement programs as a sign of confidence and trust the company has in them, this in turn is reciprocated by their employees becoming more loyal and committed to their duties compared to th e period before. To some employees, the effect of such supportive and empowerment program is so big that, they become more loyal, submissive and committed in their duties following such decisions by their employers to cater for their education needs (Keegan, 1994).Employee tuition reimbursement programs have been found to indirectly contribute to the companies’ growth considering the fact that, the workers become more loyal, committed, skillful and effective as a result of the tuition reimbursement programs. Tuition reimbursement most likely leads to companies saving costs associated with the process of always having to always hire and train new employees as well as the time it takes for new recruits to settle upon being recruited.The process of hiring new staff is both time consuming and capital intensive and therefore not cost effective therefore any effort which can counter this is welcome by companies as a lifeline. Tuition reimbursement programs are very good at this. Th e federal government encourages companies to offer tuition reimbursement by in turn giving tax benefits to those companies which offer such programs. Therefore, tuition reimbursement is in that way, an advantage to companies in that, they stand to save expenditure while at the same gaining from a more empowered workforce.Tuition reimbursements are beneficial to employees who improve their worthiness through acquisition of more skills. In an increasingly competitive, market environment, employees stand better chances of getting promotions or jobs elsewhere if they posses more qualifications. Tuition reimbursement empowers employees and positions them strategically to compete in an increasingly competitive job market. Tuition reimbursement programs grants employees a chance to relive their unachieved dreams especially in terms of unattained academic qualifications.This further improves the connection between employees and their employers, a bond which every company longs to have in th e work place. According to (Greengard, 1999), tuition reimbursement achieves the desired learning in adult learners who are considered as pursuing academics with a clear focus especially considering the fact that, they can clearly link class theories and concepts with real life situations, this is what is the aim of any educational program.Therefore, adult learning is very beneficial to adults and all the gains are likely to trickle down to the company once the adult learner has grasped the intended skills. Unlike beginners who do not have any practical experience on their job tasks, adult learners easily connect theories and apply such to difficult issues in the work place to accomplish difficult tasks which an employee who is fresh from college may find impossible to accomplish. Tuition reimbursement is not a perfect program and therefore it has its own downfalls and challenges.First of all, adult learners are usually psychologically and unprepared for classroom teaching especiall y whereby they have to go back to colleges and study in integrated classes with young students. Some feel out of place and this can greatly affect their performance in the different courses they intend to pursue. This has been found to be a major set back in the tuition reimbursement program. The fact that, the tuition programs meet the tuition costs associated with learning leaves the adult learners with a financial burden to deal with.Some of the adult are barely financially well up and the learning program may mess up their finances and therefore interfere with their normal lives. This can be a source of stress in some occasions something which can cause job related stress hence affect job performance. The tuition reimbursement programs may also become a source of frustration for employees who attend such courses with high ambitions and yet fail to realize such dreams even after attaining the academic credentials.For instance, most employees enroll in such learning employees in a bid to gain promotions once they graduate, when ever their expectations are not met, this could prove a challenge for the employee and therefore lead the employee to be de-motivated or to leave the job altogether. Companies risk losing incase employees decide to search for better jobs after a lot has been spend on their training. This especially happens in situations whereby, employees are not genuinely interested in staying in their current jobs but see the learning opportunities as a chance to better their employment chances.Other challenges of implementing such programs include, as improved expenditure and therefore loss of profits, loss of time, the risk of loosing the companies to better paying companies or competitors once the company has invested heavily on the training as well as the fact that, some employees never show any meaningful improvement job performance despite the company spending too much money in their training are nothing compared to the benefits resulting ther eafter.Conclusion In light of the above mentioned advantages of tuition reimbursement programs, there is a need for organizations to incorporate tuition reimbursement programs in their employee development plans. Companies need to view these programs as beneficial to them only if the companies are ready to utilize them. The challenges which companies expect to gain as a result of the tuition reimbursement programs are nothing compared to the numerous benefits as listed above.However, all sides should be considered before an organization decides to support such programs. Advantages of the tuition reimbursement programs are numerous and include amongst others, winning employee loyalty, increased productivity, attraction of the best talent, decreased employee turnover, increased employee motivation, the tax benefits associated with the tuition reimbursement programs as well as increasing literacy levels in the society and improvement of service delivery as a result of well trained and qualified staff.From the analysis above, it is evident that, organizations which fail to empower their human resources through putting in place proper knowledge management policies are likely fail to benefit optimally from the potential in their employees. Tuition reimbursement is the best form of employee empowerment as it brings a lot of advantages not only to the company but also to the employees. ReferencesGreengard, S. 1999. Web-Based Training Yields Maximum Returns. Workforce. 78[2]. Keegan, D. 1994. Otto Peters on Distance Education: The Industrialization of Teaching and Learning. New York. Routledge. Kiser, K. 1999. 10 things we know so far about online training. Training, 36 [11]. Kitano, M. & Morey, A. 1996. Multicultural Course Transformation in Higher Education. Old Tappan, NJ: Allyn & Bacon.

Rizal on Women essays

Rizal on Women essays In the letter, " To the Young Women of Malolos " (1888) that was written by our national Hero Dr. Jose P. Rizal tells his view about women. He observed that women before were not brave. They have less power than man. They could not use their intellect, they could not show their beautiful mannners or ways and no one could appreciate their modesty. This is due perhaps to ignorance. Rizal opened their eyes and delivered them from sevitude and awakened them from the long, long sleep because of ignorance. He showed that they have the right to educate themselves. They must learn and learn to use their intellectual capacities. They must be bright because women and the light in their family and the guardian to their children. Rizal taught them to become more reasonable rather than being blind from the truth. Obeying without knowing the reason, Why? Doing is commanded, knowing that what you think is the right thing to do?....Be wise enough and makke reasons for yourself. Womens role in the society before were not equal compared to man. They have to be humble to their husbands or any man in the society. But Rizal told us that women must be cherished, honored and love because man and women are equal. There is braveness among women that was just hidden because of excessive ignorance but now, let them bring it out and do the things that man could do. It is also stated in the letter of Rizal that this young women of Malolos have the right to find out what is really the true religion of Christ. True religion.......right teachings and beliefs....for salvation. God created man and women equally. So, there is no reason that one could be in the upper or lower level. Everyone has a freedom. What is life, if you dont know to value yourself as a person, more specifically to women and dont know to fight for their rights or freedom. ...

Analysis Of Foreign Direct Investment And Marketing Management

Foreign direct investment, marketing strategy, management of marketing operations , determinants of FDI, market access Foreign direct investment is the investment that is made by an organization or an individual in a specific country related to the interests in business in the other country. Foreign direct investment takes place when an organization plans to expand its operations in a different country or acquires business assets in a foreign country. Foreign direct investment is attracted by countries which have an open economy and offers skilled workforce to the organization. Foreign direct investments can be of three types which are, vertical, horizontal and conglomerate (Blonigen and Piger 2014). Foreign direct investment can be used by any organization as an international market strategy according to which they can invest in manufacturing or setting up a new factory in a different country. The definition of FDI is also related to the acquisition of interest related to a company in another country. The different ways by which the organization can enter a new market are, construction of facilities in a new market area, acquisitions and mergers, investment in joint venture which is located in a foreign area. Foreign direct investment is made by an organization so that they can access to closed markets which are limited by trade related barriers (Papadopoulos, Hamzaoui-Essoussi and El Banna 2016). The companies can take advantage of the lower costs related to production and labour in the new market areas of the country. This type of investment is important for many industries or companies which demand innovation and access to technology. Investments are made in different countri es so that the organization can enhance its competitive position in the industry (Sheth and Sisodia 2015). The conclusions that are presented in the study are of significance in the academic and practical fields. On one hand, this supports the development of the studies related to future research related to the marketing strategies developed after making investments in the foreign countries. On the other hand, the reasons that are related to the foreign investment related decisions of the organizations are also presented. This study will therefore help in analysing the foreign investments and the strategies related to marketing. Blonigen, B.A. and Piger, J., 2014. Determinants of foreign direct investment.  Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'à ©conomique,  47(3), pp.775-812. Olson, E.M., Slater, S.F., Hult, G.T.M. and Olson, K.M., 2018. The application of human resource   management policies within the marketing organization: The impact on business and marketing strategy implementation.  Industrial Marketing Management. Papadopoulos, N., Hamzaoui-Essoussi, L. and El Banna, A., 2016. Nation branding for foreign direct investment: an Integrative review and directions for research and strategy.  Journal of Product & Brand Management ,  25(7), pp.615-628. Sheth, J.N. and Sisodia, R.S., 2015.  Does marketing need reform?: Fresh perspectives on the future. Routledge.

IT Evolution in Global Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

IT Evolution in Global Banking - Essay Example so access their bank accounts, withdraw cash, pay bills, get bank statements, deposit cash and even buy products without having to visit their bank branches. Indeed, what technology has facilitated is the reduction of physical conduct between the customer and the banker bringing in a new phenomenon known as virtual banking. Information technology can offer a bank a competitive edge over other banks (Singer, Ross & Avery 2005) The internet invention was the greatest breakthrough for banks in carrying out their transactions with customers (Wanderi 2012). As internet access is enhanced, more and more banks are turning to online banking services. Such services are more convenient to customers and the banker, they also save time and costs and increase efficiency. Banks that do not adopt technology are likely to be unpopular among the customer base. Automated teller machines, television banking, virtual banking, internet banking, mobile banking, online pay bill, mobile commerce, social media payments, credit cards and debit cards are some of the examples of how technology is changing the banking industry (Kendrick 2011). This paper will discuss the evolution of information technology in the banking industry with emphasis on internet banking, growth of e-commerce and virtual banking and new delivery channels such as PC banking, mobile banking and TV banking. The most important concept is the internet. In early years of internet, banks normally used the internet for internal purposes such as publishing of corporate data and offerings. At this time, internet was mainly used in banking as a tool of information dissemination to customers and the general public. This was then followed by banking internet services such as checking account balances online, paying utility bills online and online transfer of funds. Many banks feared transacting over the internet because of the security threats. However, with the growth in software and information technology infrastructure many